'Irony/ironic' are terms frequently used in discussion of Herodotus, whether applied to particular passages or to the text as a whole. Themistocles, who had wanted to meet with Xerxes to secretly replace the Persian protectorate with a partnership, in order to avoid war with the imperialist Athenians, was convinced by Amestris’ much wiser secret plan of a non-interventionist policy. Impressed by this “magus” who had revealed to him that God himself had appointed him to rule the world (Is 44:24-45-4), his co-regent issued an imperial decree (Dn 6:24-28) stipulating that: “From now on, the Persians are to worship the Lord Wisdom (Ahura Mazda), the only god, creator of heaven and earth, creator of man's happiness”, which was the motto of all the Achaemenid kings. Queen Esther (510-426), mother of Artaxerxes I (Ne 2:6), and why did Socrates encourage his faithful follower, the strategist Alcibiades, before the Peloponnesian War began (in 431 BCE), to benefit from Amestris’ wisdom? An absolute chronology of this period gives the answer to all these puzzling questions: Zoroaster (614-536), whom Socrates considered the first magus, was the diviner whom Cyrus met after the fall of Babylon (Daniel). Why did this brilliant strategist, who defeated the imperial armies of Xerxes at Salamis and was a fervent defender of a workers’ democracy rather than an owners’ democracy, go to Persia to make a pact with the enemy? Why did Artaxerxes I, when he arrived at the imperial court in 474 BCE, welcome him as a hero, appoint him governor of Magnesia and even give him the right to mint his own currency? Why did Themistocles (536-471) want to confer with Amestris, i.e. The choice made by Themistocles to meet Xerxes remains an enigma for most historians. Singer &Jerry Ceppos 2007 2018 Journal of Media Ethics Exploring Questions of Media Morality Shifting Roles, Enduring Values: The Credible Journalist in a Digital Age Arthur S. The basic desire for democratic liberties, including access to honest and fact-based journalism, can never be extinguished. Experience has shown, however, that press freedom can rebound from even lengthy stints of repression when given the opportunity.

While the threats to global media freedom are real and concerning in their own right, their impact on the state of democracy is what makes them truly dangerous.

In some of the most influential democracies in the world, populist leaders have overseen concerted attempts to throttle the independence of the media sector.

IN SEARCH OF TRUTHS The Historians and The Journalists Freedom and the Media: A Downward Spiral By Sarah Repucci, Senior Director for Research and Analysis Key Findings Freedom of the media has been deteriorating around the world over the past decade.

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